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本篇文章著重介紹了EMC系列試驗中的EMI試驗,其中包括RE(輻射發(fā)射)和CE(傳導發(fā)射)兩種試驗。在實際應用中,RE和CE是較常用的。本文將詳細介紹RE和CE試驗的目的、標準、設(shè)備、方法、試驗結(jié)果和判定。
1、RE(輻射發(fā)射)
RE(輻射發(fā)射,也稱為輻射騷擾)測試的目的是測量被測設(shè)備通過空間傳播的輻射騷擾場強,即被測試設(shè)備及其組件對同一環(huán)境中其他設(shè)備的影響。該測試可分為磁場輻射和電場輻射兩種類型。
1.1、測試目的
輻射發(fā)射(Radiated Emission)測試,是測量EUT通過空間傳播的輻射騷擾場強(被測試設(shè)備及其組件對同一環(huán)境中其他設(shè)備的影響)。可以分為磁場輻射、電場輻射。
1.2、測試標準
常見的EMI測試標準主要包括CISPR和EN兩個系列,GB主要就是翻譯CISPR/EN,具體如下:
- CISPR 11(GB4824): 工業(yè)、科學和醫(yī)療(ISM)設(shè)備和電火花腐蝕設(shè)備的電磁騷擾特性的限值和測量方法。
- CISPR 12(GB14023): 整車及汽車零部件的電磁騷擾特性的限值和測量方法,用于保護外部接收器。
- CISPR 13: 廣播和電視接收器及其相關(guān)設(shè)備的電磁騷擾特性的限值和測量方法。
- CISPR 14-1(GB4343.3): 家用電器、電動工具和類似設(shè)備的電磁兼容性要求——第1部分:輻射騷擾。
- CISPR 15(GB17743): 電氣照明和類似設(shè)備的無線騷擾特性的限值和測量方法。
- CISPR 22(GB 9254): 信息技術(shù)設(shè)備的無線騷擾特性的限值和測量方法,例如通信設(shè)備和信息技術(shù)設(shè)備。
CISPR 25 (GB18655) is a standard that establishes limits and measurement methods for protecting on-board receivers in vehicles, boats, and internal combustion engines from electromagnetic disturbances. It aims to prevent radio disturbances caused by vehicle components.
IEC/EN 61000-6-3 is a standard that focuses on emissions produced by residential, commercial, and light-industrial environments. It specifies emission limits for devices connected to public low-voltage power supply networks.
IEC/EN 61000-6-4 is a standard that addresses emissions produced by industrial environments. It specifies emission limits for devices connected to public low-voltage power supply networks.
IEC/EN 61000-3-2 is a standard that concerns harmonics generated by devices with rated current less than 16 A.
IEC/EN 61000-3-3 is a standard that addresses flicker produced by devices with rated current less than or equal to 16 A.
IEC 61000-3-4 is a standard that concerns devices with rated current greater than 16 A.
IEC/EN 61000-3-12 is a standard that addresses devices with rated current greater than 16 A but less than 75 A.
The main difference between CISPR and EN is that CISPR is published first, and then the European Union discusses whether to adopt CISPR standards in its meetings.
The difference between IEC and EN is that IEC is an international standards organization, which issues standards in English and French, while EN is a regional (European) standards organization. There are different versions of EN, such as EN (issued by the EU), BS EN (converted by the UK), DIN EN (converted by Germany), and NF EN (converted by France). However, in China, the most common version is BS EN due to the prevalence of English.
1.3 Test Equipment
The test equipment for RE testing includes:
- Electric field radiation: receivers (below 1 GHz), spectrum analyzers (above 1 GHz), anechoic chambers, and antennas (combination of biconical and log-periodic for below 1 GHz, and horn antennas for above 1 GHz).
- Magnetic field radiation: receivers, loop antennas, or small loop probe antennas.
- Disturbance power: receivers and power absorption clamps.
The receivers follow the requirements of CISPR16-1-1, the antennas and test sites follow CISPR16-1-4, and the absorption clamps follow CISPR16-1-3.
1.4 Test Methods
In RE testing, the height and polarization direction of the antennas, as well as the rotation angle of the turntable, need to be continuously changed to locate the maximum radiation point of the equipment. RE testing can be conducted in open fields, semi-anechoic chambers, or shielded rooms. The equipment under test (EUT) is placed in a semi-anechoic chamber and rotated on a turntable to find the maximum radiation point. The radiation signal is received by an antenna and transmitted to the receiver outside the anechoic chamber through cables.
The arrangement of test equipment is as follows:
- Electric field radiation: Desktop and floor-standing setups. The radiation emission results are closely related to the arrangement of the product, auxiliary equipment, and all cables included in the specimen.
- Magnetic field radiation: The size of the loop antennas restricts the maximum size of the EUT that can be tested. For example, with a 2-meter diameter loop antenna, the EUT with a length less than 1.6 meters can be placed at the center of the loop antenna for testing. According to CISPR11, electromagnetic ovens exceeding 1.6 meters are measured at a distance of 3 meters using a 0.6-meter diameter single-loop probe antenna, with a minimum height of 1 meter.
- Disturbance power: Desktop and floor-standing setups. The desktop equipment is placed on a non-metallic table at a distance of at least 0.8 meters from other metallic objects (usually the inner wall of the shielded room, with a minimum distance requirement of 0.4 meters according to CISPR14-1). The floor-standing equipment is placed on a non-metallic support with a height of 0.1 meters. The test cable (LUT) is arranged on a power absorption clamp guide with a height of 0.8 meters and a length of 6 meters. The absorption clamp is placed on the cable, and the current transformer end faces the EUT. If the EUT has other cables, they can be disconnected if it does not affect functionality. Otherwise, ferrite absorbers are used to isolate them.
Different tests have different frequency ranges. The electric field radiation is generally 30 MHz to 1 GHz (some products require testing above 1 GHz as per specific standards), the magnetic field radiation is 9 kHz to 30 MHz, and the disturbance power is 30 MHz to 300 MHz.
The test limits vary depending on the standard, with test sites at 3 meters, 10 meters, or other dimensions. The limits also vary based on the product classification (Group 1/2, Class A/B).
The whole testing process is as follows: [no further information provided].
30MHz-1GHz電場輻射的測試在半電波暗室中進行。被測裝置在轉(zhuǎn)臺上以360度的角度旋轉(zhuǎn),天線在高度1-4m上下調(diào)節(jié),尋找輻射的較大值。垂直和水平兩種天線極化方向都被測量。
大于1GHz的電場輻射的測試針對工作頻率超過108MHz的信息技術(shù)設(shè)備(ITE)和超過400MHz的工業(yè)、科學和醫(yī)療設(shè)備(ISM)進行。測試場地為3m,使用頻譜儀進行測量。ITE設(shè)備的測試方法與30MHz-1GHz電場輻射的測試方法類似,結(jié)果用Peak和AV值表示。ISM產(chǎn)品的測試稍有不同,需要在全電波暗室中進行測試,天線與產(chǎn)品處于相同高度,不進行升降,轉(zhuǎn)臺仍然旋轉(zhuǎn)以尋找輻射的較大值。
替代法測試是使用ERP(有效發(fā)射功率)代替實際測試,再將其轉(zhuǎn)換為場強值。這種方法在射頻測試中常常使用,但在常規(guī)電磁兼容性(EMC)測試中很少使用。替代法測試的目的是測試EUT的外殼輻射,需要移除所有可拆卸的電纜,并在不可拆卸的電纜上安裝鐵氧體磁環(huán)。首先使用天線A和接收機測量EUT的較大干擾值,然后使用天線B替代EUT進行測試,調(diào)整信號發(fā)生器的輸出功率,直至接收機測量到相同的值。記錄替代天線B的輸入功率,即為EUT的外殼輻射功率。天線的選擇取決于測試頻率。
磁場輻射測試采用三環(huán)天線進行,樣品放置在天線的中心位置。分別在X、Y、Z三個方向上測量磁場輻射的值。當采用單小環(huán)天線時,天線垂直放置在地面上,較低部分離地面高度為1m。由于是近場測量,并且考慮到地面的反射,所得到的值反映了EUT的水平和垂直磁場分量。
騷擾功率測試針對設(shè)備中所有長度超過25cm的電纜進行。由于在30-300MHz范圍內(nèi),不同頻點的騷擾在被測電纜中呈駐波形式分布,因此需要在測量過程中沿著導軌移動功率吸收鉗,以尋找每個終測頻點騷擾功率較大的位置(大致位于設(shè)備的半波長處)。
測試結(jié)果和評判分為A級和B級,與限值線進行比較,低于限值線為PASS,高于限值線為FAIL。
CE指的是傳導發(fā)射(Conducted Emission),也稱為傳導騷擾(Conduct Disturbance)。
傳導發(fā)射測試也被稱為騷擾電壓測試,涉及到所有有電源線的產(chǎn)品,包括很多直流供電產(chǎn)品,此外,信號/控制線在許多標準中也有傳導發(fā)射的要求。通常使用騷擾電壓或騷擾電流的限值(兩者之間有相互轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系)來表示,燈具中的插入損耗測試(直接用dB表示)也屬于傳導測試范疇。
傳導騷擾測試旨在衡量設(shè)備從電源端口、信號端口向電網(wǎng)或信號網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸?shù)尿}擾。
測試標準包括CISPR22(信息技術(shù)設(shè)備)、CISPR14-1(家電和工具)、CISPR13(音頻和視頻設(shè)備)、CISPR15(照明設(shè)備)、CISPR11(工業(yè)、科學和醫(yī)療設(shè)備)以及其他產(chǎn)品和產(chǎn)品類別標準,這些標準引用了以上標準中的測試方法,其中以CISPR22較為常見。詳細的標準內(nèi)容請參考第1.2章節(jié)。
進行傳導騷擾測試所需的設(shè)備包括接收機、線路阻抗穩(wěn)定網(wǎng)絡(luò)(LISN,也稱為AMN人工電源網(wǎng)絡(luò))、模擬手、被動電壓探頭、電流探頭(配合使用的CDN,即容性電壓探頭)以及斷續(xù)干擾分析儀(DIA,用于CISPR14-1中的斷續(xù)干擾測試)等。接收機和DIA需要符合CISPR16-1-1的要求,其他輔助設(shè)備需要符合CISPR16-1-2的要求。
傳導騷擾測試的布置如下:
測試設(shè)備分為分臺式和落地式。臺式設(shè)備距離LISN為80cm,距離接地平板為40cm。落地式設(shè)備的距離允許有一定偏差,具體偏差標準根據(jù)不同的測試標準而定。輔助設(shè)備的布置也與測試標準有關(guān)。例如,根據(jù)CISPR22標準,輔助設(shè)備與主設(shè)備間距離為10cm,互聯(lián)線離接地平板至少為40cm。對于手持II類設(shè)備,需要使用模擬手進行測試。根據(jù)CISPR15標準,自鎮(zhèn)流熒光燈需放置在一個錐形金屬罩內(nèi)進行測試。以上各標準都有提供直觀的布置圖。
大多數(shù)測試頻段為150kHz至30MHz,但CISPR15標準作為例外,其測試頻段為騷擾電壓9kHz至30MHz,插入損耗150kHz至1605kHz。
測試限值根據(jù)不同的標準和產(chǎn)品分類(Group1/2, Class A/B)而有所不同。
整個測試過程如下:
1. 交/直流電源端騷擾電壓:將電源插頭連接到LISN上,將接收機RF輸入連接到LISN的RF輸出??梢栽谥虚g加入RF衰減器或脈沖限幅器。通過切換LISN的L/N開關(guān)來選擇測試電源線的對地共模騷擾電壓。
2. 斷續(xù)干擾:根據(jù)CISPR14-1標準及其他引用該標準的標準要求,通常使用斷續(xù)干擾分析儀與LISN配合進行測量。標準也允許使用示波器與接收機的組合進行替代。示波器用于觀察騷擾持續(xù)時間,接收機用于觀察騷擾電平幅度。
3. 負載端騷擾電壓:根據(jù)CISPR14-1、CISPR15和CISPR11標準的要求,使用被動電壓探頭將需要測試的負載線絕緣剝開,直接連接到收機上,測量負載線導線端子對地的騷擾電壓。如果設(shè)備的額定電流過大,沒有合適的LISN可用,也可以直接使用電壓探頭來測量電源端的騷擾電壓。
4. 通訊線騷擾電壓/騷擾電流:根據(jù)CISPR22標準的要求,根據(jù)不同類型的通訊線采用不同的測試方法。利用電流探頭、CDN、150歐姆接地電阻和容性電壓探頭的不同組合來測試不同類型的通訊線纜。測試前提是要保證測試線纜的對地阻抗為150歐姆。測試結(jié)果可以用騷擾電流dBuA或騷擾電壓dBuV來表示,兩者的差值為44dB。
5. 插入損耗:根據(jù)CISPR15標準的要求,使用RF正弦波發(fā)生器經(jīng)過平衡/不平衡轉(zhuǎn)換器、模擬燈和LISN,較后用接收機測量比較電壓,得出插入損耗的數(shù)值。
測試結(jié)果分為A級和B級。將接收機檢波器的測量值(QP/AV)與限值進行比較,低于限值為PASS,高于限值為FAIL。
Harmonics主要指諧波電流,是指EUT在工作過程中向電網(wǎng)中注入的諧波。根據(jù)EUT的不同類別(A、B、C、D),每個類別都有自己的諧波限值。
Flicker測試主要評估電壓波動和閃變。評判標準包括短期閃變程度(Pst)和長期閃變程度(Plt),兩者的值都不能超過各自的限值。
以上是對測試過程和評判標準的介紹。對于后兩種測試,由于在實際測試中不常見,因此本文重點介紹了前兩種測試方法。如果需要了解更多信息,請參閱相關(guān)標準,標準中詳細介紹了基本概念、測試限值、測試設(shè)備和測試方法。